(a) describe the meanings of the terms acid and alkali in terms of the ions they contain or produce in<br />aqueous solution and their effects on Universal Indicator paper<br />(b) describe how to test hydrogen ion concentration and hence relative acidity using Universal Indicator<br />paper and the pH scale<br />(c) describe the characteristic properties of acids as in reactions with metals, bases and carbonates<br />(d) describe qualitatively the difference between strong and weak acids in terms of the extent of<br />ionisation<br />(e) describe neutralisation as a reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions to produce<br />water, H+ + OH– → H2O<br />(f) describe the importance of controlling the pH in soils and how excess acidity can be treated using<br />calcium hydroxide<br />(g) describe the characteristic properties of bases in reactions with acids and with ammonium salts<br />(h) classify oxides as acidic, basic or amphoteric, based on metallic/non-metallic character
