A look at the magnetic approach to achieving controlled thermonuclear fusion as a viable energy source.<br /><br />Contents<br />00:00 - Introduction<br />00:27 - Particles in a magnetic field<br />02:52 - Magnetohydrodynamicsa<br />04:05 - Turbulence<br />04:45 - Recap<br />05:19 - Z-pinch<br />07:25 - Magnetic mirror<br />09:02 - Toroidal machines<br />11:48 - Heating<br />14:34 - Current<br />16:00 - Shaping<br />18:31 - H-mode<br />20:19 - Disruptions<br />21:15 - Machine walls<br />22:24 - Stellarators<br />23:03 - Wrap-up<br /><br />References<br />[1] The first high-speed colour video from the COMPASS tokamak<br />https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhHsOwLdCu4<br />[2] J. P. Freidberg, “Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy” (CUP 2010).<br />[3] T. F. Neiser et al., “Gyrokinetic GENE simulations of DIII-D near-edge L-mode plasmas” Physics of Plasmas 26, 092510 (2019).<br />[4] S. J. Zweben et al., “Edge turbulence velocity preceding the L-H transition in NSTX” Physics of Plasmas 28, 032304 (2021)<br />[5] Magnetic turbulence by Giannandrea Inchingolo (User:Giannandrea_Inchingolo)<br />https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnetic_turbulence.jpg<br />[6] D. D. Ryutov et al., “Magneto-hydrodynamically stable axisymmetric mirrors” Physics of Plasmas 18, 092301 (2011).<br />[7] T. Sunn Pedersen et al., “Confirmation of the topology of the Wendelstein 7-X magnetic field to better than 1:100,000” Nature Communications 7:13493 (2016).<br />[8] N. J. Fisch, “The Alpha Channeling Effect” AIP Conference Proceedings 1689, 020001 (2015).<br />[9] B. Dudson, Magnetic Confinement Fusion Lectures<br />https://www-users.york.ac.uk/~bd512/teaching/mcf.html<br />[10] The interior of Alcator C-Mod as seen from B port by Chris Bolin<br />https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alcator_C-Mod_Fisheye_from_Bport.jpg<br />[11] Plasma test in the MAST experiment at Culham Centre for Fusion Energy by user Dobbin74<br />https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ProjectPixels_Plasma.jpg<br />[12] Video of MAST discharge 15872, UKAEA<br />[13] D. G. Whyte et al., “I-mode: an H-mode energy confinement regime with L-mode particle transport in Alcator C-Mod” Nuclear Fusion 50, 105005 (2010).<br />[14] J. Degrave et al., “Magnetic control of tokamak plasmas through deep reinforcement learning” Nature 602, 414 (2022).<br />[15] M. Rubel et al., “Application of Ion Beam Analysis in Studies of First Wall Materials in Controlled Fusion Devices” Physics 4, 37 (2022).<br />[16] V. E. Moiseenko, “First experiments on ICRF discharge generation by a W7-X-like antenna in the Uragan-2M stellarator” Journal of Plasma Physics 86, 905860517 (2020).<br />[17] Image of ASDEX Upgrade https://www.ipp.mpg.de/5035491/01_21
