The main types of penicillins are: penicillinase-resistant penicillins, antipseudomonal penicillins, beta-lactamase inhibitors, natural penicillins, aminopenicillins.<br /><br />Narrow spectrum penicillins (beta-lactamase sensitive, beta-lactamase resistant) and broad spectrum penicillins (aminopenicillins, carboxypenicillins, ureidopenicillins) are known.<br /><br />The main representatives of aminopenicillins are: amoxicillin, ampicillin, pivampicillin, getacillin, bacampicillin, metampicillin, talampicillin, epicillin.<br /><br />Ampicillin is a white, crystalline powder. Molar mass: 349 g/mol (ampicillin trihydrate, C16H19N3O4S) and 371 g/mol (ampicillin sodium salt, C16H18N3NaO4S), melting point: 208 °C (with decomposition). Solubility in water: 10.1 g/l.<br /><br />Ampicillin has a lot of names (more than 100).<br /><br />The composition of ampicillin (sodium salt) includes the following chemical elements: carbon (51.8%), oxygen (17.3%), nitrogen (11.3%), sulfur (8.6%), sodium (6.2% ), hydrogen (4.9%).<br /><br />This antibiotic was discovered in 1958 in the UK, in 1961 it began to be sold in pharmacies, and in 1970, along with co-trimoxazole, it replaced the more toxic chloramphenicol (levomycetin).<br /><br />If ampicillin is considered a very cheap and affordable antibiotic, then for laboratory tests the used analogue can cost 15,000 times more!<br /><br />This antibiotic is produced under the guise of trihydrate (for oral administration, slightly soluble in water) and sodium salt (for parenteral administration, highly soluble in water).<br /><br />Solutions of this antibiotic are quickly inactivated. It does not cause noticeable irritation to tissues, does not accumulate in tissues, and is slightly toxic even at high doses.<br /><br />It is acid-resistant and does not bind to blood proteins, but is destroyed by penicillin-resistant bacteria under the influence of penicillinase.<br /><br />Introduced into the body ampicillin is rapidly absorbed in the intestine and rapidly distributed in the organs and tissues of the body, as well as in fluids. Partially destroyed in the stomach and intestines.<br /><br />After administration, it reaches a therapeutic dose in 1-2 hours, and the effect lasts up to 6 hours. With parenteral administration, it is possible to obtain a higher concentration of the drug in the blood, but it is excreted faster.<br /><br />With intramuscular injection, maximum concentrations are obtained after 30-60 minutes, but with intravenous administration - after 15-20 minutes.<br /><br />The drug is well distributed in pleural, peritoneal and synovial fluids, while in sputum it is found in less small concentrations due to its destruction by enzymes.<br /><br />In inflamed areas of the lungs, the content of ampicillin is higher compared to healthy areas.
